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A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor. The performance advantages of nuclear submarines over "conventional" (typically diesel-electric) submarines are considerable. Nuclear propulsion, being completely independent of air, frees the submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines. The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long periods of time; and the long interval between refuelings grants a range limited only by consumables such as food. Current generations of nuclear submarines never need to be refueled throughout their 25-year lifespans.〔(Naval Technology – SSN Astute Class – Attack Submarine )〕 Conversely, the limited power stored in electric batteries means that even the most advanced conventional submarine can only remain submerged for a few days at slow speed, and only a few hours at top speed; recent advances in air-independent propulsion have somewhat eroded this disadvantage. The high cost of nuclear technology means that relatively few states have fielded nuclear submarines. Some of the most serious nuclear and radiation accidents ever to occur have involved Soviet nuclear submarine mishaps.〔〔 ==History== The idea for a nuclear-powered submarine was first proposed by the Naval Research Laboratory's Ross Gunn〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Little Book )〕 in 1939. The United States launched the , the first nuclear submarine, in 1954.〔(USS Nautilus (SSN-571) )〕 ''Nautilus'' could remain underwater for up to four months without resurfacing. Construction of the ''Nautilus'' was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Bureau of Ships and the Atomic Energy Commission. In July 1951 the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN.〔(Nuclear Propulsion )〕 The Westinghouse Corporation was assigned to build its reactor. After the submarine was completed, Mamie Eisenhower broke the traditional bottle of champagne on ''Nautilus bow. On 17 January 1955, it began its sea trials after leaving its dock in Groton, Connecticut. The submarine was long, and cost about $55 million. The Soviet Union soon followed the United States in developing nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950s. Stimulated by the U.S. development of the ''Nautilus'', Soviet work on nuclear propulsion reactors began in the early 1950s at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, in Obninsk, under Anatoliy P. Alexandrov, later to become head of the Kurchatov Institute. In 1956, the first Soviet propulsion reactor designed by his team began operational testing. Meanwhile, a design team under Vladimir N. Peregudov worked on the vessel that would house the reactor. After overcoming many obstacles, including steam generation problems, radiation leaks, and other difficulties, the first nuclear submarine based on these combined efforts, K-3 "Leninskiy Komsomol" of the Project 627 "Kit"-class, called a November-class submarine by NATO, entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1958.〔(Submarine History 1945–2000: A Timeline of Development )〕 Nuclear power proved ideal for the propulsion of strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSB), greatly improving their ability to remain submerged and undetected. The world's first operational nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) was with 16 Polaris A-1 missiles, which conducted the first SSBN deterrent patrol November 1960-January 1961. The Soviets already had several SSBs of the Project 629 (Golf class), and were only a year behind the US with their first SSBN, the ill-fated K-19 of Project 658 (Hotel class), commissioned in November 1960. However, this class carried the same three-missile armament as the Golfs. The first Soviet SSBN with 16 missiles was the Project 667A (Yankee class), the first of which entered service in 1967, by which time the US had commissioned 41 SSBNs, nicknamed the "41 for Freedom".〔Gardiner & Chumbley, p. 403〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines - Project 667A )〕 At the height of the Cold War, approximately five to ten nuclear submarines were being commissioned from each of the four Soviet submarine yards (Sevmash in Severodvinsk, Admiralteyskiye Verfi in St. Petersburg, Krasnoye Sormovo in Nizhny Novgorod, and Amurskiy Zavod in Komsomolsk-on-Amur). From the late 1950s through the end of 1997, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, built a total of 245 nuclear submarines, more than all other nations combined.〔(CNS – Resources on Russian Nuclear Submarines )〕 Today, six countries deploy some form of nuclear-powered strategic submarines: the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, People's Republic of China, and India.〔(NTI: Submarine Proliferation )〕 Several other countries, including Argentina and Brazil, have ongoing projects in different phases to build nuclear-powered submarines. In the United Kingdom, all former and current nuclear submarines of the British Royal Navy (with the exception of three: HMS ''Conqueror'', HMS ''Renown'' and HMS ''Revenge'') have been constructed in Barrow-in-Furness (at BAE Systems Submarine Solutions or its predecessor VSEL) where construction of nuclear submarines continues. ''Conqueror'' the only nuclear-powered submarine ever to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the cruiser ARA ''General Belgrano'' with two Mark 8 torpedoes during the 1982 Falklands War.〔The only other submarine to sink a warship since World War II is the Pakistani Navy's PNS ''Hangor''.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「nuclear submarine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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